注：本文内容来源于zhice163博文，感谢作者的整理。
1.为什么基类的析构函数是虚函数？
在实现多态时，当用基类操作派生类，在析构时防止只析构基类而不析构派生类的状况发生。
下面转自网络：源地址 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_7c773cc50100y9hz.html
a.第一段代码
#include<iostream>using namespace std;class ClxBase{public: ClxBase() {}; ~ClxBase() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!" << endl;}; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxBase!" << endl; };};class ClxDerived : public ClxBase{public: ClxDerived() {}; ~ClxDerived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxDerived!" << endl; };}; int main(){ ClxDerived *p = new ClxDerived; p->DoSomething(); delete p; return 0; }
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运行结果：
Do something in class ClxDerived!
Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!
Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!
这段代码中基类的析构函数不是虚函数,在main函数中用继承类的指针去操作继承类的成员,释放指针P的过程是:先释放继承类的资源,再释放基类资源.
b.第二段代码
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#include<iostream>using namespace std;class ClxBase{public: ClxBase() {}; ~ClxBase() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!" << endl;}; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxBase!" << endl; };};class ClxDerived : public ClxBase{public: ClxDerived() {}; ~ClxDerived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxDerived!" << endl; }}; int main(){ ClxBase *p = new ClxDerived; p->DoSomething(); delete p; return 0; }
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输出结果：
Do something in class ClxBase!
Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!
这段代码中基类的析构函数同样不是虚函数,不同的是在main函数中用基类的指针去操作继承类的成员,释放指针P的过程是:只是释放了基类的资源,而没有调用继承类的析构函数.调用 dosomething()函数执行的也是基类定义的函数.
一般情况下,这样的删除只能够删除基类对象,而不能删除子类对象,形成了删除一半形象,造成内存泄漏.
在公有继承中,基类对派生类及其对象的操作,只能影响到那些从基类继承下来的成员.如果想要用基类对非继承成员进行操作,则要把基类的这个函数定义为虚函数.
析构函数自然也应该如此:如果它想析构子类中的重新定义或新的成员及对象,当然也应该声明为虚的.
c.第三段代码：
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#include<iostream>using namespace std;class ClxBase{public: ClxBase() {}; virtual ~ClxBase() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!" << endl;}; virtual void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxBase!" << endl; };};class ClxDerived : public ClxBase{public: ClxDerived() {}; ~ClxDerived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxDerived!" << endl; };}; int main(){ ClxBase *p = new ClxDerived; p->DoSomething(); delete p; return 0; }
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运行结果：
Do something in class ClxDerived!
Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!
Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!
这段代码中基类的析构函数被定义为虚函数,在main函数中用基类的指针去操作继承类的成员,释放指针P的过程是:只是释放了继承类的资源,再调用基类的析构函数.调用dosomething()函数执行的也是继承类定义的函数.
如果不需要基类对派生类及对象进行操作,则不能定义虚函数,因为这样会增加内存开销.当类里面有定义虚函数的时候,编译器会给类添加一个虚函数表,里面来存放虚函数指针,这样就会增加类的存储空间.所以,只有当一个类被用来作为基类的时候,才把析构函数写成虚函数.
