MOS集成电路使用操作准则 准则, MOS集成电路

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所有 MOS 集成电路 （包括 P 沟道 MOS， N 沟道 MOS， 互补 MOS — CMOS 集成电路） 都有一层绝缘栅，以防止电压击穿。一般器件的绝缘栅氧化层的厚度大约是 25nm 50nm 80nm 三种。在集成电路高阻抗栅前面还有电阻——二极管网络进行保护，虽然如此，器件内的保护网络还不足以免除对器件的静电损害（ESD），实验指出，在高电压放电时器件会失效，器件也可能为多次较低电压放电的累积而失效。

　　 按损伤的严重程度静电损害有多种形式，最严重的也是最容易发生的是输入端或输出端的完全破坏以至于与电源端 VDD GND 短路或开路，器件完全丧失了原有的功能。稍次一等严重的损害是出现断续的失效或者是性能的退化，那就更难察觉。还有一些静电损害会使泄漏电流增加导致器件性能变坏。

　　由于不可避免的短时间操作引起的高静电电压放电现像，例如人在打腊地板上走动时会引起高达 4 - 15KV 的静电高压，此高压与环境湿度和表面的条件有关，因而在使用 CMOS 、NMOS 器件时必须遵守下列预防准则：
1 不要超过手册上所列出的极限工作条件的限制。

　　2 器件上所有空闲的输入端必须接 VDD 或 VSS，并且要接触良好。

　　3 所有低阻抗设备（例如脉冲信号发生器等）在接到 CMOS 或 NMOS 集成电路输入端以前必然让器件先接通电源，同样设备与器件断开后器件才能断开电源。

　　4 包含有 CMOS 和 NMOS 集成电路的印刷电路板仅仅是一个器件的延伸，同样需要遵守操作准则。从印刷电路板边缘的接插件直接联线到器件也能引起器件损伤，必须避免一般的塑料包装，印刷电路板接插件上的 CMOS 或 NMOS 集成电路的地址输入端或输出端应当串联一个电阻，由于这些串联电阻和输入电容的时间常数增加了延迟时间。这个电阻将会限制由于印刷电路板移动或与易产生静电的材料接触所产生的静电高压损伤。

　　5 所有 CMOS 和 NMOS 集成电路的储存和运输过程必须采用抗静电材料做成的容器，而不能按常规将器件插入塑料或放在普通塑料的托盘内，直到准备使用时才能从抗静电材料容器中取出来。

　　6 所有 CMOS 和 NMOS 集成电路应当放置在接地良好的工作台上，鉴于工作人员也能对工作台产出静电放电，所以工作人员在操作器件之前自身必须先接地，为此建议工作人员要用牢固的导电带将手腕或肘部与工作台表面连接良好。

　　7 尼龙或其它易产生静电的材料不允许与 CMOS 和 NMOS 集成电路接触。

　　8 在自动化操作过程中，由于器件的运动，传送带的运动和印刷电路板的运动可能会产生很高的静电压，因此要在车间内使用电离空气鼓风机和增湿机使室内相对湿度在 35 以上，凡是能和集成电路接触的设备的顶盖、底部、侧面部分均要采用接地的金属或其它导电材料。
　　
　　9 冷冻室要用二氧化碳制冷，并且要放置隔板，而器件必须放在导电材料的容器内。

　　10 需要扳直外引线和用手工焊接时，要采用手腕接地的措施，焊料罐也要接地。

　　11 波峰焊时要采用下面措施：

　　a 、波峰焊机的焊料罐和传送带系统必须接真地。

　　b 、工作台采用导电的顶盖遮盖，要接真地。
　　
　　c 、工作人员必须按照预防准则执行。

　　d 、完成的工件要放到抗静电容器中，优先送到下一道工序去。
　　
　　 12 清洗印刷电路板要采用下列措施：

　　 a 、蒸气去油剂和篮筐必须接真地，工作人员同样要接地。

　　 b 、不准使用刷子和喷雾器清洗印数电路板。

　　 c 、从清洗篮中拿出来的工件要立即放入蒸汽去油剂中。

　　 d 、只有在工件接地良好或在工件上采用静电消除器后才允许使用高速空气和溶剂。

　　 13 必须有生产线监督者的允许才能使用静电监测仪。

　　 14 在通电状态时不准插入或拔出集成电路，绝对应当按下列程序操作：

　　 a 、插上集成电路或印刷电路板后才通电。
　　
　　 b 、断电后才能拔出集成电路或印刷电路板。
　
　　 15 告诫使用 MOS 集成电路的人员，决不能让操作人员直接与电气地相连，为了安全的原因，操作人员与地气之间的电阻至少应有 100 16 操作人员使用棉织品手套而不要用尼龙手套或橡胶手套。

　　 17 在工作区，禁止使用地毯。

　　 18 除非绝对必要外，都不准工作人员触摸 CMOS 或 NMOS 器件的引线端子。

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